and competition account for those outcomes. For example studies in which non-digital face-to-face games were used also showed positive effects on student engagement Antunes Pacheco Giovanela Auman Coffey Miller Feuerstein Crocco Offenholley Hernandez Poole Kemp Williams Patterson Scarlet Ampolos therefore it is unclear if and how digitizing games contributes to student Aztek Computers engagement. Discussion and implications Student engagement is linked to a number of academic outcomes such as retention grade point average and graduation rates Carini et al. Center for Postsecondary Research Hu