List of Presidents of the United States

List of Presidents of the United States

The White House, the president's official residence and center of the administration

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected President more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age and a "natural born" citizen of the United States.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.^[2] The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,^[3] Zachary Taylor,^[4] Warren G. Harding,^[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,^[6] James A. Garfield,^[6][7] William McKinley,^[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).^[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945. He is the only president to serve more than two terms, and a constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. History records four presidents – John Q Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – who lost the popular vote but assumed office. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the only African American president.^[10]

List of presidents

Parties

      No party       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

No. [n 1]	President		Took office	Left office	Party	Term [n 1]	Previous office	Vice President
1		George Washington (1732–1799) [11][12][13]	April 30, 1789	March 4, 1797	Independent [14]	1 (1789)	Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)		John Adams
						2 (1792)
2		John Adams (1735–1826) [15][16][17]	March 4, 1797	March 4, 1801	Federalist	3 (1796)	Vice President		Thomas Jefferson
3		Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [18][19][20]	March 4, 1801	March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	4 (1800)	Vice President		Aaron Burr
						5 (1804)			George Clinton
4		James Madison (1751–1836) [21][22][23]	March 4, 1809	March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	6 (1808)	Secretary of State (1801–1809)		George Clinton[n 2] March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
								vacant[n 3] April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
						7 (1812)			Elbridge Gerry[n 2] March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
								vacant[n 3] November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5		James Monroe (1758–1831) [24][25][26]	March 4, 1817	March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	8 (1816)	Secretary of State (1811–1817)		Daniel D. Tompkins
						9 (1820)
6		John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [27][28][29]	March 4, 1825	March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican	10 (1824)	Secretary of State (1817–1825)		John C. Calhoun
7		Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) [30][31][32]	March 4, 1829	March 4, 1837	Democratic	11 (1828)	U.S. Senator (1823–1825)		John C. Calhoun[n 4] March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
								vacant[n 3] December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
						12 (1832)			Martin Van Buren
8		Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [33][34][35]	March 4, 1837	March 4, 1841	Democratic	13 (1836)	Vice President		Richard Mentor Johnson
9		William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) [36][37][38]	March 4, 1841	April 4, 1841 [n 2]	Whig	14 (1840)	Minister to Colombia (1828–1829)		John Tyler
10 [n 5]		John Tyler (1790–1862) [39][40][41]	April 4, 1841	March 4, 1845	Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
					no party[n 6] September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11		James K. Polk (1795–1849) [42][43][44]	March 4, 1845	March 4, 1849	Democratic	15 (1844)	Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)		George M. Dallas
12		Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) [45][46][47]	March 4, 1849	July 9, 1850 [n 2]	Whig	16 (1848)	U.S. Army Major general		Millard Fillmore
13		Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) [48][49][50]	July 9, 1850	March 4, 1853	Whig		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
14		Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) [51][52][53]	March 4, 1853	March 4, 1857	Democratic	17 (1852)	U.S. Senator (1837–1842)		William R. King[n 2] March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
								vacant[n 3] April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15		James Buchanan (1791–1868) [54][55][56]	March 4, 1857	March 4, 1861	Democratic	18 (1856)	United States Minister to the United Kingdom (1853–1856)		John C. Breckinridge
16		Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) [57][58][59]	March 4, 1861	April 15, 1865 [n 7]	Republican	19 (1860)	U.S. Representative (1847–1849)		Hannibal Hamlin
					Republican National Union[n 8]	20 (1864)			Andrew Johnson
17		Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) [60][61][62]	April 15, 1865	March 4, 1869	Democratic National Union;[n 8] no party[n 9]		Vice President	vacant [n 3]
18		Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) [63][64][65]	March 4, 1869	March 4, 1877	Republican	21 (1868)	Commanding General of the Army (1864–1869)		Schuyler Colfax
						22 (1872)			Henry Wilson[n 2] March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
								vacant[n 3] November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19		Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) [66][67][68]	March 4, 1877	March 4, 1881	Republican	23 (1876)	Governor of Ohio (1868–1872 & 1876–1877)		William A. Wheeler
20		James A. Garfield (1831–1881) [69][70][71]	March 4, 1881	September 19, 1881 [n 7]	Republican	24 (1880)	U.S. Representative		Chester A. Arthur
21		Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) [72][73][74]	September 19, 1881	March 4, 1885	Republican		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
22		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [75][76]	March 4, 1885	March 4, 1889	Democratic	25 (1884)	Governor of New York (1883–1885)		Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2] March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
								vacant[n 3] November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23		Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) [77][78][79]	March 4, 1889	March 4, 1893	Republican	26 (1888)	U.S. Senator (1881–1887)		Levi P. Morton
24		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) [75][76]	March 4, 1893	March 4, 1897	Democratic	27 (1892)	President (1885–1889)		Adlai Stevenson I
25		William McKinley (1843–1901) [80][81][82]	March 4, 1897	September 14, 1901 [n 7]	Republican	28 (1896)	Governor of Ohio (1892–1896)		Garret Hobart[n 2] March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
								vacant[n 3] November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
						29 (1900)			Theodore Roosevelt
26		Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) [83][84][85]	September 14, 1901	March 4, 1909	Republican		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
						30 (1904)			Charles W. Fairbanks
27		William Howard Taft (1857–1930) [86][87][88]	March 4, 1909	March 4, 1913	Republican	31 (1908)	Secretary of War (1904–1908)		James S. Sherman[n 2] March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
								vacant[n 3] October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28		Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) [89][90][91]	March 4, 1913	March 4, 1921	Democratic	32 (1912)	Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)		Thomas R. Marshall
						33 (1916)
29		Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) [92][93][94]	March 4, 1921	August 2, 1923 [n 2]	Republican	34 (1920)	U.S. Senator (1915–1921)		Calvin Coolidge
30		Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) [95][96][97]	August 2, 1923	March 4, 1929	Republican		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
						35 (1924)			Charles G. Dawes
31		Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) [98][99][100]	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933	Republican	36 (1928)	Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)		Charles Curtis
32		Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) [101][102][103]	March 4, 1933	April 12, 1945 [n 2]	Democratic	37 (1932) [n 10]	Governor of New York (1929–1932)		John Nance Garner
						38 (1936)
						39 (1940)			Henry A. Wallace
						40 (1944)			Harry S. Truman
33		Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) [104][105][106]	April 12, 1945	January 20, 1953	Democratic		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
						41 (1948)			Alben W. Barkley
34		Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) [107][108][109]	January 20, 1953	January 20, 1961 [n 11]	Republican	42 (1952)	Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1949–1952)		Richard Nixon
						43 (1956)
35		John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) [110][111][112]	January 20, 1961	November 22, 1963 [n 7]	Democratic	44 (1960)	U.S. Senator (1953–1960)		Lyndon B. Johnson
36		Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) [113][114]	November 22, 1963	January 20, 1969	Democratic		Vice President	vacant[n 3]
						45 (1964)			Hubert Humphrey
37		Richard Nixon (1913–1994) [115][116][117]	January 20, 1969	August 9, 1974 [n 4]	Republican	46 (1968)	Vice President (1953–1961)		Spiro Agnew[n 4] January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
						47 (1972)
								vacant[n 3] October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
									Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38		Gerald Ford (1913–2006) [118][119][120]	August 9, 1974	January 20, 1977	Republican		Vice President	vacant[n 3] August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
									Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39		Jimmy Carter (b.1924) [121][122][123]	January 20, 1977	January 20, 1981	Democratic	48 (1976)	Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)		Walter Mondale
40		Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) [124][125][126]	January 20, 1981	January 20, 1989	Republican	49 (1980)	Governor of California (1967–1975)		George H. W. Bush
						50 (1984)
41		George H. W. Bush (b.1924) [127][128][129]	January 20, 1989	January 20, 1993	Republican	51 (1988)	Vice President		Dan Quayle
42		Bill Clinton (b.1946) [130][131][132]	January 20, 1993	January 20, 2001	Democratic	52 (1992)	Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 & 1983–1992)		Al Gore
						53 (1996)
43		George W. Bush (b.1946) [133][134][135]	January 20, 2001	January 20, 2009	Republican	54 (2000)	Governor of Texas (1995–2000)		Dick Cheney
						55 (2004)
44		Barack Obama (b.1961) [136][137][138]	January 20, 2009	Incumbent	Democratic	56 (2008)	U.S. Senator (2005–2008)		Joe Biden
						57 (2012)